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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue

Time: 2:15 am

Results for juvenile victims

31 results found

Author: Baltimore City Health Department. Office of Epidemiology and Planning

Title: Examination of Youth Violence in Baltimore City, 2002-2007

Summary: Youth violence is a serious concern for Baltimore City officials. Especially important are discussions surrounding prevention, intervention, and treatment efforts which incur greater and greater financial and societal costs in terms of violence. This report, utilizing data from several Baltimore City agencies, takes a retrospective look at interactions in child-serving administrative Baltimore City agenices among youth victims and perpetrators of violence.

Details: Baltimore City, MD: Baltimore City Health Department, 2009

Source: The Office of Youth Violence Prevention

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 116261

Keywords:
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Victims
Violent Crime

Author: Department for Children, Schools and Families

Title: Safeguarding children and young people who may be affected by gang activity

Summary: There are a number of areas in which young people are put at risk by gang activity, both through participation in and as victims of gang violence. Safeguarding procedures can provide a key tool for all agencies working with young people to assist them when working together to prevent young people from being drawn into gangs, to support those who have been drawn into the margins of gangs; and to protect those who are at immediate risk of harm either as members or victims of gangs. This practice guidance is addressed to those who work in voluntary and statutory services across the children’s workforce, social care, crime prevention, the police, prisons and probation, offender management, health, education and all others whose work brings them into contact with children and young people. It is intended to help agencies and practitioners respond effectively to the needs of children and young people – girls and young women, as well as boys and young men – who are at risk of gang-related violence and harm. To that end, the guidance outlines factors for agencies and practitioners to consider and processes to follow in terms of identification, referral, and assessment and support for young people who may be affected by gang activity. It also looks at the reasons young people become involved in gangs, the particular risks associated with gang membership for the young people and the risks of being affected by gang activity in other ways.

Details: London: Home Office, Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2010. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 23, 2012 at https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/DCSF-00064-2010.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/DCSF-00064-2010.pdf

Shelf Number: 123759

Keywords:
Anti-Social Behavior
Gangs (U.K.)
Juvenile Victims

Author: Petrosino, Anthony

Title: What characteristics of bullying, bullying victims, and schools are associated with increased reporting of bullying to school officials?

Summary: This study tested 51 characteristics of bullying victimization, bullying victims, and bullying victims' schools to deter-mine which were associated with reporting to school officials. It found that 11 characteristics in two categories—bullying victimization and bullying victims—showed a statistically significant association with reporting. The study also notes the high percentage (64 percent) of respondents who experienced bullying but did not report it.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Northeast and Islands, 2010. 45p.

Source: Issues & Answers Report, REL 2010-No.092: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 28, 2012 at http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs/regions/northeast/pdf/REL_2010092.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs/regions/northeast/pdf/REL_2010092.pdf

Shelf Number: 123848

Keywords:
Bullying (U.S.)
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Victims
School Crime
Schools

Author: Wasilewski, Yvonne

Title: Identifying and Responding to the Needs of Children in Domestic Violence Shelters: Final Report June 1, 2008

Summary: The Domestic Violence Shelter Screening Project (DVSP) was a collaborative effort between the Center for Child and Family Health, the Center for Child and Family Policy, and six North Carolina domestic violence shelters located in Caldwell, Guilford, Halifax, Robeson, Vance, and Wilson counties, which served as pilot sites. The project was funded jointly by The Duke Endowment and the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation. The purpose of the pilot project was to develop, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of a training protocol that improves the capacities of domestic violence shelter staff to screen, intervene, and refer child shelter residents experiencing distress related to their exposure to violence and other adverse events. Shelter staff was trained on the appropriate, reliable, and valid use of three screening tools to assess child and adolescent posttraumatic stress, psychological symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and child development milestones. Staff also received education in child traumatic stress, behavior management, and techniques to support effective parenting. As a first step, a needs assessment was conducted with shelter directors to identify current shelter practices related to children, facilitators of and barriers to providing mental health services for child residents, and to inform the development of the training curricula. The quality of the training sessions, level of engagement and response to training were evaluated using staff and facilitator process evaluation questionnaires, conference call notes, and through focus groups conducted with shelter staff at each site after training. Project impact in the form of changes in: (1) staff knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about domestic violence and its effects on children; (2) staff use of behavioral management strategies to help parents and children; and (3) staff self-efficacy and ability to assess, score, and make appropriate referrals to community agencies was evaluated using pre and posttest questionnaires and an instrument developed to monitor the implementation of the screening measures. Key findings from the project were: It is feasible to train staff working in domestic violence shelters to systematically evaluate children entering shelter using standardized screening tools addressing broad psychosocial functioning, developmental status, and traumatic stress symptoms. During the pilot, 40% (range 18%-71%) of eligible children were assessed using at least one of three screening measures. However, the fact that the majority of children were not screened highlights the difficulty of obtaining consistent implementation of such a procedures. Through the use of standardized screening tools, shelter staff was able to identify mental health concerns among sheltered children, as well as concerns related to developmental status. Consistent with expectations, the assessments revealed significant levels of psychological distress, functional impairment, and developmental risk among a substantial number of child shelter residents. Almost half (45%) of children who received the screening scored in the clinically significant or at-risk range on at least one of the three screening measures. Staff viewed the screening tools as a positive strategy for engaging, educating, and supporting parents. Staff was able to identify both risk and resiliency factors in children and apply newly learned skills in behavioral management when teaching parents and interacting with children.

Details: Durham, NC: Center for Child & Family Health; Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, 2008. 102p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 29, 2012 at http://www.childandfamilypolicy.duke.edu/pdfs/pubpres/EvalServ_Final_Report_DVS_071608.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United States

URL: http://www.childandfamilypolicy.duke.edu/pdfs/pubpres/EvalServ_Final_Report_DVS_071608.pdf

Shelf Number: 123864

Keywords:
Crisis Shelters
Domestic Violence (North Carolina)
Evaluative Studies
Juvenile Victims

Author: Leoschut, Lezanne

Title: The influence of family and community violence exposure on the victimisation rates of South African youth

Summary: Crime and violence is pervasive in South African society and is perceived by the general populace as one of the primary challenges facing our country. Young people, and particularly those between the ages of 12 and 22 years, are commonly at the receiving end of this escalating violence. Given the alarmingly high rates of youth victimisation, this paper attempts to shed light on one of the correlates influencing this phenomenon by exploring the relationship between violence exposure in two social locales – the family and community – and criminal victimisation. To this end, this paper draws on the research findings of the first National Youth Victimisation Study conducted in 2005 by the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention. In short, this paper demonstrates that violence exposure in the social environments in which young people live increases their vulnerability to subsequent criminal victimisation. For this reason, one can conclude that an important method by which to reduce youth involvement in crime both as victims and perpetrators would be to limit their exposure to violence in both their homes and communities.

Details: Claremont, South Africa: CJCP - Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, 2006. 12p.

Source: CJCP Issue Paper No. 3: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue_Paper_3.pdf

Year: 2006

Country: South Africa

URL: http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue_Paper_3.pdf

Shelf Number: 123934

Keywords:
Crime Statistics
Juvenile Victims
Violent Crime (South Africa)

Author: Khan, Faeza

Title: Building School Safety: The Hlayiseka Project - A Whole School Approach

Summary: The school is a very powerful institution of socialisation, and the levels of violence currently threatening the wellbeing and development of learners at school are cause for great concern. The CJCP has recently conducted a National Schools Violence Study, which outlines the extent and nature of violence at schools. This paper discusses an intervention developed in partnership with the National Department of Education, which aims at providing schools with a toolkit for addressing school violence. The toolkit provides a school with practical guidelines that will assist it to: identify and respond to security issues and threats; establish reporting systems; monitor safety over time; and integrate existing departmental policy and legislation to ensure school safety. The intervention provides long-term sustainable management that will not only ensure school safety but will transform schools into caring spaces where learners can learn and educators can teach.

Details: Claremont, South Africa: CJCP - Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, 2008. 8p.

Source: CJCP Issue Paper No. 6: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue%20paper%206-final.PDF

Year: 2008

Country: South Africa

URL: http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue%20paper%206-final.PDF

Shelf Number: 123937

Keywords:
Juvenile Victims
School Violence (South Africa)

Author: Badenhorst, Charmain

Title: Legal responses to cyber bullying and sexting in South Africa

Summary: Very little is known about the true extent of cyber bullying and sexting in South Africa – two relatively new phenomena. The occurrence of cyber bullying and sexting has increased along with increased access to and usage of electronic communication technology. Both adults and children are therefore at risk of participating in or being exposed to these practices. It is important to examine the legal responses to cyber bullying and sexting in the South African context since some of these acts may result in the commission of criminal offences or lead to civil actions. This paper explores cyber bullying and sexting in South Africa and focuses on the responses within the context of existing legislative frameworks and legal remedies available in South Africa. It also identifies some of the gaps and risks in the legal responses applicable to children who engage in cyber bullying and sexting, and offers some recommendations in an attempt to minimise the gaps and accompanying risks to children.

Details: Claremont, South Africa: CJCP - Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, 2011. 20p.

Source: CJCP Issue Paper No. 10: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue%20Paper%2010-1.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: South Africa

URL: http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue%20Paper%2010-1.pdf

Shelf Number: 123941

Keywords:
Bullying, Cyber (South Africa)
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Victims
Legislation
Sexting

Author: Leoschut, Lezanne

Title: School violence: What makes learners vulnerable?

Summary: It is the intention of this paper to highlight the contextual factors that heighten the vulnerability of children and youths to violence within schools. To do this, focus is shifted away from actual victimisation and towards the broader social environments surrounding the schools, which influence the learners’ vulnerability to having violence perpetrated against them within the school setting. An awareness of these correlates is of paramount importance since effective intervention strategies are reliant on the comprehensive understanding of why young people fall prey to such experiences in the first place. Given the diverse risk factors, the paper concludes that any attempt to address school violence should extend beyond the Department of Education to include important role-players such as the pupils themselves, their parents, community members, the South African Police Service and other government departments.

Details: Claremont, South Africa: CJCP - Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, 2008. 12p.

Source: CJCP Issue Paper No. 7: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue%20Paper%207.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: South Africa

URL: http://www.cjcp.org.za/admin/uploads/Issue%20Paper%207.pdf

Shelf Number: 123943

Keywords:
Child Victimization
Juvenile Victims
School Crime
School Violence (South Africa)

Author: Thiara, Ravi K.

Title: Domestic Violence, Child Contact and Post-Separation Violence: Issues for South Asian and African-Caribbean Women and Children: a Report of Findings

Summary: This report details research undertaken with South Asian and African-Caribbean mothers who had experienced domestic violence and have since separated from their partners. The research reviews the knowledge base around domestic violence and child contact and looks at the particular issues experienced by women in these communities. It reports on the findings from interviews with 19 children, 45 women, and 71 professionals.

Details: London: NSPCC - National Society for the Prevention of Cruely to Children, 2012. 160p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 3, 2012 at This report details research undertaken with South Asian and African-Caribbean mothers who had experienced domestic violence and have since separated from their partners.

The research reviews the knowledge base around domestic violence and child contact and looks at the particular issues experienced by women in these communities.

It reports on the findings from interviews with 19 children, 45 women, and 71 professionals.

Year: 2012

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 123953

Keywords:
Children, Crimes Against
Domestic Violence (U.K.)
Female Victims
Juvenile Victims
Minority Groups

Author: Centre for Research on Environment Health and Population Activities (CREHPA)

Title: The Anti-Trafficking Program in Rural Nepal: Assessment of Change in Awareness and Communication among Adolescent Girls, Peers and Parents in Baglung District, 2002 - An Endline Survey

Summary: In recent years, millions of women and girls have been trafficked across national borders and within countries. The global trafficking industry generates an estimated US$5 to 7 billion each year, more than the profits generated by the arms and narcotics trades (Widgren 1994). Over the last decade, the growing trafficking problem in South Asia has been particularly acute in Nepal, one of the least developed countries in the world, with 42 percent of its citizens living below the poverty line. While there are no reliable data on the magnitude of the trafficking problem in Nepal, the most widely quoted sources estimate that 5,000 to 7,000 girls are trafficked from Nepal to India and other neighbouring countries every year, primarily for prostitution: 200,000 Nepali girls and women currently are working in the sex industry in India (UNIFEM 1998, UNICEF 1997). Another study postulates that 20,000 minors are brought into India from Nepal for sex work every year (Haemeed 1997). The occurrence of trafficking in Nepal is generally attributed to widespread poverty, lack of female education, low status of girls and women and social disparities rooted in ethnic and caste groupings. Women living in an environment of restricted rights and limited personal freedom with few employment opportunities may decide that out-migration is their only hope for achieving economic independence and a higher standard of living. Those who are victimized by traffickers experience abuse, exploitation and greater vulnerability to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The effort to abolish trafficking in Nepal intensified after the restoration of democracy in 1990. Since then, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations have started initiating programs to address and combat trafficking of girls.

Details: Kathmandu, Nepal: Centre for Research on Environment Health and Population Activities (CREHPA), 2003. 88p.

Source: Final Draft Report: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2012 at http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/crehpa_2003__anti_trafficki.pdf

Year: 2003

Country: Nepal

URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/crehpa_2003__anti_trafficki.pdf

Shelf Number: 124070

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Programs
Female Victims
Human Trafficking (Nepal)
Juvenile Victims

Author: Sacco, Dena T.

Title: Sexting: Youth Practices and Legal Implications

Summary: This document addresses legal and practical issues related to the practice colloquially known as sexting. It was created by Harvard Law School’s Cyberlaw Clinic, based at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, for the Berkman Center’s Youth and Media Policy Working Group Initiative. The Initiative is exploring policy issues that fall within three substantive clusters emerging from youth’s information and communications technology practices: Risky Behaviors and Online Safety; Privacy, Publicity and Reputation; and Youth Created Content and Information Quality. The Initiative is funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and is co‐directed by danah boyd, Urs Gasser, and John Palfrey. This document was created for the Risky Behaviors and Online Safety cluster, which is focused on four core issues: (1) sexual solicitation and problematic sexual encounters; (2) Internet‐related bullying and harassment; (3) access to problematic content, including pornography and self‐harm content; and (4) youth‐generated problematic content, including sexting. The Initiative’s goal is to bring the best research on youth and media into the policy‐making debate and to propose practical interventions based upon that research. This document is intended to provide background for the discussion of interventions related to sexting. It begins with a definition of sexting, and continues with overviews of research and media stories related to sexting. It then discusses the statutory and constitutional framework for child pornography and obscenity. It concludes with a description of current and pending legislation meant to address sexting.

Details: Cambridge, MA: The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, 2010. 45p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 11, 2012 at

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 124082

Keywords:
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Victims
Legislation
Sexting

Author: Great Britain. Crown Prosecution Service.

Title: Violence against Women and Girls Crime Report 2010-2011

Summary: We have changed the format of the 2010-11 VAWG report to reflect the move within the CPS to focus more on the quality of our prosecutions, moving away from assessing our prosecution outcomes solely by attrition rates. We no longer set targets, but focus more on the trend in prosecution performance locally in each Area, compared with the national average, alongside the quality of prosecutions. This report focuses more on an analysis of the key prosecution issues in each VAWG strand of crimes - domestic violence, rape, sexual offences, human trafficking, prostitution, forced marriage, honour based violence, female genital mutilation, child abuse and pornography. A number of case studies are used to illustrate some good practice from Areas. In line with government policy, we publish the underlying data used in our reports. The underlying data for this report can be found on the CPS website, in the Publications section under Equality and Diversity. VAWG VAWG continues to be a top priority for the CPS, as part of the cross government commitment to tackling VAWG, overseen by the Inter-Ministerial Group, including the Solicitor General and Attorney General representing the CPS. Since the introduction of the CPS VAWG strategy we have seen the volume of VAWG prosecutions rise year on year, from 68,930 in 2006-07 to 95,257 this year, a rise of 38%. Not only are we prosecuting more cases, but we are prosecuting those cases successfully - the volume of convictions rising by 52%, from 44,836 to 68,154. The proportion of charged defendants convicted has risen from 65% to 72% during that time. In 2010-11 alone there has been an 11% rise in the volume of both prosecutions and convictions. This is against an overall drop in the volume of cases heard at magistrates’ courts of 3.6% - where the majority of VAWG crimes are heard. The Core Quality Standards were introduced in 2010-11, including a new VAWG validation measure and assessment of a sample of rape cases. In January 2011 a specific qualitative VAWG Assurance system was set up – Areas report bi-annually to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) on their VAWG performance, including detailed assessment of approximately 25% of their rape cases. The focus has moved from a centralist to a local assessment, with specified actions. Areas are supported by local VAWG coordinators, who advise on VAWG prosecutions. They work with local community groups through Hate Crime Scrutiny Panels and Community Involvement Panels, which were streamlined and rationalised in 2011 to establish Local Scrutiny and Involvement Panels. Victim issues identified through CPS in 2010-11 were integrated into work across government through the cross-government VAWG action plans and implementation of the Stern rape review.

Details: Great Britain: Crown Prosecution Service, 2011. 64p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2012 at http://www.cps.gov.uk/victims_witnesses/bereaved_families_leaflet_2011_final.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.cps.gov.uk/victims_witnesses/bereaved_families_leaflet_2011_final.pdf

Shelf Number: 124091

Keywords:
Juvenile Victims
Prosecution
Violence Against Women (U.K.)

Author: Phippen, Andy

Title: Sharing Personal Images and Videos Among Young People

Summary: These findings, which come from a survey conducted by South West Grid for Learning and the University of Plymouth (full details at end), will horrify many teachers, parents, police, and virtually everyone else who deals with young people. Among the main findings are the fact that around 40% of respondents say that they know friends who have been involved in sexting. Over a quarter (27%) of respondents said that sexting happens regularly or all of the time. Over half (56%) of respondents were aware of instances where images and videos were distributed further than the intended recipient, but only 23% believe this distribution is intended to cause upset. Put another way – the majority of respondents knew that these images and videos were sent on beyond the people for whom they were intended. And yet, despite 30% of young people knowing someone who had been adversely affected by sexting, only a minority (27%) believe that young people need more support and advice related to the issue. The survey clearly shows a population fully aware of the concept of sexting and a significant subset who are actively engaged in the practice. It is also a closed community. 70% said they would turn to their friends if they were affected by issues related to sexting. Only around a quarter (24%) of young people would turn to a teacher for help if they were affected by issues related to sexting. Andy Phippen of Plymouth University says, “Our research shows that this is a significantly larger problem than we had first imagined. What is also clear is that such practices lead to a desensitization of young people to issues of intimacy. We would strongly support the SWGfL’s call for wider awareness and education initiatives to bring this issue out of hiding.” As David Wright of SWGfL says, “What is particularly worrying is the somewhat blasé attitude to the subject. Only a minority of respondents believe that the extended distribution of explicit images of an individual is done to cause upset, and few feel that young people need further support in this area.” It is immediately apparent that such practices are cause for concern. It shows a population who are unconcerned about intimacy or privacy yet are ill-equipped to understand the implications of their actions. Given that there is evidence that sexting forms part of a wider on-line relationship which young people have with each other, it is clear that schools and other bodies need to incorporate sexting within the wider eSafety education practice. “But the approach taken in raising awareness of issues needs careful consideration,” warns David Wright of SWGfL who organized the survey. “Our data shows that young people are unlikely to turn to teachers for help directly, so we would suggest that sexting awareness be adopted into wider peer-education schemes if they are to achieve high levels of success.”

Details: Exeter, Great Britain: South West Grid for Learning, 2009. 8p.

Source: eSafety document: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2012 at http://www.swgfl.org.uk/Staying-Safe/Files/Documents/sexting-detail

Year: 2009

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.swgfl.org.uk/Staying-Safe/Files/Documents/sexting-detail

Shelf Number: 124097

Keywords:
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Victims
Sexting (U.K.)
Social Media

Author: Mishna, Faye

Title: Interventions for Children, Youth, and Parents to Prevent and Reduce Cyber Abuse

Summary: Child participation in Internet safety interventions does not change risky online behaviour, according to a new Campbell review. The Internet has created a new communication tool, particularly for young people. Worldwide, the use of e-mail, websites, instant messaging, web cams, chat rooms, social networking sites and text messaging is exploding. While there are many benefits that result from electronic based communication, the Internet is at the same time a potential site for abuse and victimization. Young people can fall victim to sexual perpetrators, stalkers, exploiters, and peers who bully online. Interventions against cyber abuse have been developed in response to the growing need to protect children and youth from online dangers. The authors of a new Campbell review examined the effectiveness of cyber abuse interventions in increasing Internet safety knowledge and decreasing risky online behaviour. Having identified more than 3,000 potentially relevant studies, only three met the authors' eligibility criteria and were included in the review: an evaluation of the I-SAFE cyber safety program, an evaluation of the Missing cyber safety program, and an evaluation of an in-school cyber bullying intervention (HAHASO). Results provide evidence that participation in psycho-educational Internet safety interventions is associated with an increase in Internet safety knowledge; but it is not significantly associated with a change in risky online behaviour. The need for further research in this field is highlighted.

Details: Oslo: Campbell Collaboration, 2009. 54p.

Source: Campbell Systemic Reviews 2009:2, Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2012 at www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/681/

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 116293

Keywords:
Crime Reduction
Cybercrimes
Juvenile Victims

Author: European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA)

Title: Cyber-Bullying and online Grooming: helping to protect against the risks - A scenario on data mining/profiling of data available on the Internet

Summary: Children are the most valuable part of every society, regardless of culture, religion and national origin. Given the rapidly increasing digitalisation of their lives, it seemed important to assess risks related to internet usage and, in particular, the risk of become a victim of online grooming and cyber bullying activities. A recent survey on the technology skills of children reveals that digital devices and the internet play a significant role in their lives. Today’s kids are living in an environment that is radically different from that of their parents; virtual environments are increasingly prevalent in private and education environments. This development is detrimental to their physical activities, social skills and the behavioural model that prevailed in previous generations. ENISA has formed a Working Group consisting of international experts in various disciplines related to the area of children’s online protection. Interdisciplinary knowledge and relevant experience in the area were the criteria of their engagement. During the selection phase of the scenario to be assessed, the expert group has identified cyber bullying and online grooming as an area that requires further elaboration. With this assessment we aim to demonstrate how attacks based on misuse of data (i.e. data mining and profiling) can affect minors. Although the issue of children’s exposure to internet risks has been addressed in great depth by many organisations (also during the generation of this report), we have performed this risk assessment in order to point out emerging risks and issue non-technical recommendations for their mitigation. Thus, we believe that the findings of this assessment will help in triggering further activities at various levels of society, while contributing to the necessary awareness of the online protection of minors. To this extent, this document should not be considered as overlapping with existing national and international initiatives in the area of child online protection. Rather, it complements them by pointing out additional elements that might be interesting to look at in the future. On the other hand, although non-technical, the assessed risks are based on very detailed analysis down to technological elements. Security experts might find this analysis interesting and even worth reusing in their own work/considerations.

Details: Heraklion, Greece: ENISA (European Network and Information Security Agency), 2011.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2012 at http://www.enisa.europa.eu/act/rm/emerging-and-future-risk/deliverables/Cyber-Bullying%20and%20Online%20Grooming/at_download/fullReport

Year: 2011

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.enisa.europa.eu/act/rm/emerging-and-future-risk/deliverables/Cyber-Bullying%20and%20Online%20Grooming/at_download/fullReport

Shelf Number: 124168

Keywords:
Cyberbullying
Internet Crimes
Juvenile Victims

Author: Gibson, Chris L.

Title: Unpacking the Influence of Neighborhood Context and Antisocial Propensity on Violent Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Chicago

Summary: This research combines social disorganization and self-control theories to understand violent victimization among children and adolescents. In doing so, several research questions are investigated to explore the independent and interactive influences that neighborhood disadvantage and low self-control have on violent victimization risk. Data from the 9, 12, and 15-year old cohorts of the Longitudinal Cohort Study in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN-LCS) were used in this study. Data analyzed were from self-reports of children, adolescents, and their primary caregivers during waves 1 and 2 of the longitudinal data collection effort. In addition, neighborhood structural characteristics from the U.S. Census were also analyzed. Results from a combination of hierarchical generalized linear models and multivariate logistic regression models with robust standard errors revealed that violent victimization did not significantly vary across neighborhoods, and independent of various behavioral and lifestyle choices made by children and adolescents, low self-control increased the risk for becoming a victim of violence. Additionally, choices made by them also influenced their risk of violent victimization; those who reported engaging in violent offending, spending more time in unstructured activities, and having more delinquent peers had a higher risk of being a victim of violence. Further analysis shows that the association between low self-control and violent victimization risk varies across levels of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage in which youth live; low self-control’s influence in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods dissipated while it was amplified for those living in the least disadvantaged neighborhoods. Unstructured socializing with peers was the only factor that significantly influenced violent victimization risk across low, medium and high disadvantaged neighborhoods. Findings are consistent with a “social push” perspective, which suggests that disadvantaged environments provide social pressures that may override the influence of individual differences on vulnerability to violent victimization. Implications of this study’s findings are discussed as they relate to policy, prevention and theory; while also setting forth a research agenda on neighborhoods, antisocial traits, and violent victimization risk for future research.

Details: Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, 2012. 79p.

Source: Final Report: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2012 at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/237731.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/237731.pdf

Shelf Number: 124181

Keywords:
Adolescents
Crime Statistics
Juvenile Victims
Self-Report Studies
Victimization
Violent Crime

Author: Briggs, Stephen

Title: Safeguarding Children's Rights: exploring issues of witchcraft and spirit possession in London's African communities

Summary: Trust for London created the Safeguarding Children’s Rights initiative to invest in community-based work tackling child abuse linked to beliefs in witchcraft and spirit possession. This is the summary of an independent evaluation, undertaken by the Centre for Social Work Research. Key findings include: 1. Belief in spirit possession and witchcraft is widespread amongst many African communities but current knowledge indicates that the incidence of abuse linked to such beliefs appears to be low; 2. These beliefs occupy a broad spectrum, and the effects range from harmless to harmful. Belief in spirit possession and witchcraft is not of itself evidence of maltreatment; 3. Where there is abuse of children accused of possession or witchcraft, this abuse can be understood using one or more of the four identified forms of child abuse: physical, sexual and emotional abuse and neglect. Assessing for physical and emotional abuse is particularly important; 4. Using the existing child protection framework is effective when assessing cases where children have been accused of witchcraft and spirit possession; 5. Knowledge and understanding of culture and faith is critical to effective assessments of harm undertaken by professionals in this field. However, culture and faith should not be used as an excuse to abuse and must never take precedence over children’s rights; 6. Faith organisations have a critical role in many African communities, where poverty, inequality and lack of access to key resources can impact negatively on children. While many offer help and support, some unscrupulous faith leaders are in a position to exploit vulnerable individuals; 7. Community organisations can be an important source of advice and support to London’s African communities, and may counterbalance the power of some faith organisations; 8. Engaging communities in discussion and debate about human rights can be used as a touchstone for change. The promotion of young people as agents of change is particularly powerful; 9. Community-led approaches to promoting child safeguarding are scarce and have been shown to be critical in engaging socially excluded communities; and in changing attitudes and behaviour; 10. Faith leaders have a pivotal role to play in developing children’s rights within African communities. A shared faith has been very valuable in engaging these leaders – cutting across ethnic and national boundaries; 11. Training has been effective in beginning to address a lack of knowledge of child protection principles and practice among many African faith leaders in London; 12. A broader approach – promoting child safeguarding and well-being – is more effective for engaging communities and churches than a narrow focus on witchcraft and spirit possession. This also led to improvements in wider child protection including through changed practice and disclosures.

Details: London: Trust for London, 2011. 78p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2012 at http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/Safeguarding%20final%20report.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/Safeguarding%20final%20report.pdf

Shelf Number: 124234

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect (U.K.)
Child Protection
Faith-Based Organizations
Juvenile Victims
Minority Communities, African
Witchcraft

Author: Cross, Emma-Jane

Title: Virtual Violence II: Progress and Challenges in the Fight against Cyberbullying

Summary: This UK report finds that 28% of 11-to-16-year-olds have been deliberately targeted, threatened or humiliated by an individual or group through the use of mobile phones or the internet. The latest findings from Beatbullying reveal that 28% of 11-to-16-year-olds have been deliberately targeted, threatened or humiliated by an individual or group through the use of mobile phones or the internet. For over a quarter of these, this experience was ongoing, meaning that the individual was continuously targeted for bullying by the same person or group over a sustained period of time. This suggests that one-in-13 secondary-aged school children have experienced persistent and intentional cyberbullying. Given that there are approximately 4,377,780 secondary-aged children in the UK (Office for National Statistics (ONS), 2011), these figures can be projected to suggest that 350,222 children may have suffered persistent and insidious bullying inflicted via technology. These findings closely mirror Beatbullying’s first Virtual Violence study delivered in November 2009 (Cross, Richardson, Douglas & von Kaenel-Flatt, 2009), and give us significant insight into the nature of this form of bullying in the UK. Of those young people who reported being persistently cyberbullied, just under a quarter (23%) said that it lasted for a year or more and two-in-five (40%) said that it lasted for months or weeks. Over a quarter (26%) said that the bullying happened more than 10 times, over a tenth (14%) between six and 10 times, and a third (29%) between three and five times. The findings also present an interesting insight into where the bullying originates. For those ‘persistently cyberbullied’, a quarter (26%) said that the bullying first happened online, but 44% said that it started offline (that is, the person was first targeted face-to-face and the bullying then continued online). While this indicates that ‘persistent cyberbullying’ still tends to originate offline and then follows the victim online, there is a notable decrease in how often this is occurring when compared to the original Virtual Violence study carried out in 2009 – which found two-thirds (62%) of those who were ‘persistently cyberbullied’ were first bullied offline. Indeed, within the total sample of those who had experienced cyberbullying, only two-in-five (20%) said that their experience was an extension of offline bullying, with a quarter (27%) saying that the bullying they had experienced had started online. Therefore, this would indicate that bullying is becoming an increasingly more common phenomenon that starts online, paving the way for more relentless attacks.

Details: London: Beatbullying, 2012. 52p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 28, 2012 at http://www2.beatbullying.org//pdfs/Virtual-Violence-II.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www2.beatbullying.org//pdfs/Virtual-Violence-II.pdf

Shelf Number: 124313

Keywords:
Bullying
Cyberbullying (U.K.)
Evaluative Studies
Juvenile Victims

Author: Seeley, Ken

Title: Bullying in Schools: An Overview

Summary: The harmful effects of bullying cannot be overstated. Reports of bullying in the 1990s show that, in extreme cases, victims may face shooting or severe beatings and may even turn to suicide (Rigby and Slee, 1999). These reports have triggered public action, such that more than 20 states currently have laws that require schools to provide education and services directed toward the prevention and cessation of bullying. A well-known meta-analysis of school-based antibullying programs, conducted by the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, found that these programs result in a 17- to 23-percent reduction in bullying (Ttofi, Farrington, and Baldry, 2008). Ttofi and colleagues report that antibullying programs are less effective in the United States than in Europe in reducing the incidence and prevalence of bullying in schools that operate the bullying reduction programs. In response, the current study investigates how American schools can support victimized children and encourage them to graduate and thrive. To determine the causes of bullying in schools and to inform the development of effective intervention strategies, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention funded a series of studies in 2007 at the National Center for School Engagement. The research focused on the connection between different types and frequencies of bullying, truancy, and student achievement, and whether students’ engagement in school mediates these factors. The researchers completed three studies. The first was a quantitative analysis of students that would support the development of a predictive model to explain the relationships among bullying (referred to in the study as peer victimization), school attendance, school engagement, and academic achievement. The second study was a qualitative study in which researchers interviewed victims about their experiences to gain insight into how bullying in school affects attendance. The third study was a qualitative analysis of teachers’ experiences in working to ameliorate the impact of bullying in schools. In this bulletin, the authors compare the results of these studies with the results of the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention report (Ttofi, Farrington, and Baldry, 2008), which is currently viewed as one of the most comprehensive studies on antibullying programs worldwide. Ttofi and her colleagues conducted a metaanalysis— Effectiveness of Programmes to Reduce School Bullying: A Systematic Review—that reviewed evaluations of 59 school-based antibullying programs in various countries, including the United States. In addition to their comparisons with the Swedish study, the authors recommend strategies and programs to combat bullying in schools that are based on the findings from the three studies described here and a literature review.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2011. 12p.

Source: OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/234205.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 124368

Keywords:
Bullying (U.S.)
Crime Prevention
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Victims
School Crime
Schools

Author: Murder Victims' Families for Reconciliation

Title: "I don't want another kid to die." Families of Victims Murdered by Juveniles Oppose Juvenile Executions

Summary: The creation of the juvenile justice system rests on the belief that when a juvenile commits a crime a different kind of response is warranted as opposed to when an adult commits a crime. Therefore, juveniles typically receive sentences that focus on treatment rather than punishment, except in States that sentence juvenile offenders to death. In the United States, the opposition to the execution of juvenile offenders is growing with opinion polls showing that most people oppose the practice. This report examines the issue of the juvenile death penalty from the perspective of family members of victims killed by juvenile offenders and parents of juvenile offenders who have been executed. Individuals presented in this report are members of Murder Victims’ Families for Reconciliation. This is a national organization of homicide victims’ family members opposing the death penalty in all cases. It demonstrates that the issues surrounding the juvenile death penalty are victims’ issues too. The report is a statement against state killing of juveniles, presented by those who know violent loss most intimately and have been most directly affected by juvenile crimes. The members of human rights organization, Murder Victims’ Families for Reconciliation conclude that the juvenile death penalty has no place in a democratic society and that it is time to bring the law in line with the national consensus and abolish the juvenile death penalty.

Details: Cambridge, MA: Murder Victims' Families for Reconciliation, 2004. 20p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 3, 2012 at http://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/mvfr%20report.pdf

Year: 2004

Country: United States

URL: http://www.aclu.org/files/FilesPDFs/mvfr%20report.pdf

Shelf Number: 124369

Keywords:
Capital Punishment (U.S.)
Death Penalty
Homicide
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Victims
Violent Crime

Author: Pierce, Alexandra (Sandi)

Title: New language, old problem: Sex trafficking of American Indian women and children

Summary: The selling of North America’s indigenous women and children for sexual purposes has been an ongoing practice since the colonial era. There is evidence that early British surveyors and settlers viewed Native women’s sexual and reproductive freedom as proof of their “innate” impurity, and that many assumed the right to kidnap, rape, and prostitute Native women and girls without consequence (see Deer, 2010; Fischer, 2001; Smith, 2003; Waselkov & Braund, 1995). Today, major centers for sex trafficking include cities near rural, high-poverty First Nations reserves, American Indian reservations, and Alaskan Native communities.1 The FBI recently noted, “There have been traffickers and pimps who specifically target Native girls because they feel that they’re versatile and they can post them [online] as Hawaiian, as Native, as Asian, as you name it” (Hopkins, 2010). The U.S. and Canada have only recently classified human trafficking as a form of slavery subject to major penalties. In 2000, the U.S. passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), the first nation to criminalize human trafficking. One section of the TVPA focuses explicitly on sex trafficking, making it illegal to “recruit, entice, or obtain a person to engage in commercial sex acts, or to benefit from such activities” (see18 U.S.C. § 1591 and 22 U.S.C. § 7101, 7102, and 7105). Also in 2000, Canada, the U.S., and 115 other nations signed the United Nations Convention of Member States’ Palermo Trafficking Protocol, which criminalized sex and labor trafficking. Canada ratified the Protocol in 2002, and the U.S. did so in 2005 (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008). As of August 2011, forty U.S. states had also passed sex trafficking legislation (Polaris Project, 2011). This legal reframing of the sale of human beings for sexual purposes has resulted in new research and new efforts to address it. In our discussion, we summarize published materials on the commercial sexual exploitation of indigenous women and children in the U.S. and Canada and the legal issues related to their protection. We begin with a brief discussion of the unique vulnerability of Native women and children. This is followed by a summary of research with Native women and girls in the sex trade. Next, we discuss gaps in legal protections and victims support services. Drawing on these, we conclude with implications for professionals.

Details: Harrisburg, PA: National Online Resource Center on Violence Against Women, 2011. 15p.

Source: VAW.net Applied Research: Accessed March 23, 2012 at http://www.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/AR_NativeSexTrafficking.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/AR_NativeSexTrafficking.pdf

Shelf Number: 124720

Keywords:
Adult Victims
American Indians
Female Victims
Juvenile Victims
Sex Trafficking

Author: Verité

Title: Help Wanted: Hiring, Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery in the Global Economy

Summary: Verité’s HELP WANTED initiative – a research and advocacy effort described in this report – aims to clarify and publicize the ways in which current labor broker practices can create hiring traps; and to provide concrete approaches by which private sector, civil society, and governmental institutions can address this key point of leverage to reduce the risk of a worker ending up a victim of modern-day slavery. Labor brokers – middlemen in the recruitment, hiring and/or management of laborers – operate at the core of the global economy. Complex supply chains necessitate levels of coordination and expertise that are not easily found within a given company because the challenges are spread out over multiple countries and time zones, and workforces are in many instances comprised of workers from far-flung lands. Companies turn to labor brokers to manage many of these challenges, but the increasing use of labor brokers brings with it troubling issues of fragmented and opaque social accountability. For workers, labor brokerage increases migration and job acquisition costs and the risk of serious exploitation, including slavery. Verité is a global advocate for workers. Through our understanding of the perspectives of workers, we find solutions to human rights violations in good business practices. We work to remove dangers and abuses in workplaces around the world by providing knowledge, skills Workers are at heightened vulnerability to modern-day slavery when they have been brought to work away from their homes. This vulnerability is generated or exacerbated by the involvement of labor brokers. Labor brokers act as the middlemen, facilitating a connection between potential workers and their eventual employers. The system of labor brokerage is widespread, opaque, sometimes corrupt, and largely lacking in accountability. In some cases brokerages are substantial, well-organized companies. In others they are informal in their structure and outreach. In all cases their presence in the recruitment and hiring “supply chain” increases the vulnerability of migrant workers to various forms of forced labor once on-the-job. The debt that is often necessary for migrant workers to undertake in order to pay recruitment fees, when combined with the deception that is visited upon them by brokers about job types and salaries, can lead to a situation of debt-bondage – which, according to Anti-Slavery International, is “probably the least known form of slavery today, and yet it is the most widely used method of enslaving people.”1 When a migrant worker finds herself in a foreign country, with formidable recruitment debt and possibly even ancestral family land hanging in the balance, on a work visa that ties her to one employer and a job that doesn’t remotely resemble the salary and conditions that were promised to her by her labor broker, she has fallen into what Verité calls a HIRING TRAP. There are few global workplace problems in more urgent need of attention. This report begins by offering key findings from recent Verité research on the intersection of brokers, migrant workers and slavery. This research was performed in a variety of sectors and locales across the globe, including: the migration of adults from India to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States of the Middle East for work in construction, infrastructure and the service sector; the migration of children and juveniles from the Indian interior to domestic apparel production hubs; the migration of adults from Guatemala, Mexico and Thailand to work in U.S. agriculture; and the migration of adults from the Philippines, Indonesia and Nepal to the Information Technology sector in Malaysia and Taiwan. This report then presents the factors that, in Verité’s view, constitute the major red flags for vulnerability of migrant workers to broker-induced forced labor. These red flags were present individually or in various combinations across all the sectors and locales of Verité’s research. A set of concrete activities and engagements to promote the fair hiring of migrant workers is offered at the close of the report.

Details: Amherst, MA: Verité, Undated. 72p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 25, 2012 at http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2135&context=globaldocs

Year: 0

Country: International

URL: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2135&context=globaldocs

Shelf Number: 124750

Keywords:
Adult Victims
Forced Labor
Human Trafficking
Juvenile Victims
Migrant Workers
Slavery

Author: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Title: Vital Signs: Unintentional Injury Deaths Among Persons Aged 0-19 Years --- United States, 2000-2009

Summary: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in the United States among persons aged 1–19 years, accounting for 37% of all deaths in this age group in 2009, and the fifth leading cause of death among newborns and infants aged <1 year. Unintentional injury deaths are responsible for more years of potential life lost before age 65 years than cancer, heart disease, or any other cause of death, in part because children and adolescents die from unintentional injuries much more commonly than other causes. For every childhood injury death, more than 1,000 are treated or receive medical consultation for a nonfatal injury. In 2009, child and adolescent unintentional injuries resulted in approximately 9,000 deaths, 225,000 hospitalizations, and 8.4 million patients treated and released from emergency departments. Unintentional injuries occurring in 2005 that resulted in death, hospitalization, or an emergency department visit cost nearly $11.5 billion in medical expenses. These injuries are preventable, and effective interventions for reducing childhood injuries are less costly than the medical expenses and productivity losses associated with those injuries. The high incidence and preventability of child and adolescent unintentional injuries highlight the need for public health action. Although unintentional injury death rates have decreased in recent decades, rates remain high in some population subgroups and states. This report summarizes trends in unintentional injury deaths among persons aged 0–19 years, from 2000 to 2009, by age group, sex, race/ethnicity, injury mechanism, and state, using data from the National Vital Statistics System.

Details: Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012. 7p.

Source: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 16, 2012, Vol 61: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2012 at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6115a5.htm?s_cid=mm6115a5_w

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6115a5.htm?s_cid=mm6115a5_w

Shelf Number: 125087

Keywords:
Injury Deaths
Juvenile Victims

Author: Taylor, Bruce

Title: Shifting Boundaries: Final Report on an Experimental Evaluation of a Youth Dating Violence Prevention Program in New York City Middle Schools

Summary: The purpose of this multi‐level experiment was to provide high‐quality scientific evidence concerning the effectiveness of targeting a young, universal primary prevention audience with classroom‐based curricula and school‐level interventions. We randomly assigned a schoolbased intervention to 30 public middle schools in New York City, and within these schools we identified 117 sixth‐ and seventh‐grade classes (over 2,500 students) to randomly receive our interventions called Shifting Boundaries. The classroom intervention was delivered through a six‐session curriculum that emphasized the consequences for perpetrators of DV/H, state laws and penalties for DV/H, the construction of gender roles, and healthy relationships. The building‐based intervention included the use of temporary school‐based restraining orders, higher levels of faculty and security presence in areas identified through student mapping of safe/unsafe “hot spots,” and the use of posters to increase awareness and reporting of DV/H to school personnel. Our study included quantitative and qualitative data. Our quantitative surveys were implemented at baseline, immediately after the intervention and six months post‐intervention and included the following measures: Knowledge, attitudes, behavioral intentions, intentions to intervene as a bystander, peer and dating partner physical and sexual violence (experienced as a victim and/or perpetrator), sexual harassment (experienced as a victim and/or perpetrator), and other background items. Our qualitative focus groups were conducted with interventionists and students to provide rich contextual to assess intervention implementation and student change associated with the interventions. Participating students ranged in age from 10 to 15, with 53% female. Our sample was 34% Hispanic, 31% African American, 16% Asian, 13% white and 6% “other.” About 40% of our sample had prior experience with a violence prevention educational program. About half reported being in at least one dating relationship. About 20% of our sample reported having been the victim of dating violence and 66% victims of peer violence. Overall, the “building only” intervention and the “both” interventions were effective at reducing DV/H. The success of the “building only” intervention is particularly important because it can be implemented with very few extra costs to schools. However, classroom sessions alone were not effective. Finally, our focus groups confirmed that the interventions were implemented as planned and straightforward to implement, teachers liked and were supportive of the interventions, and the positive survey results related to the interventions effectiveness were confirmed.

Details: Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 2011. 322p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 20, 2012 at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236175.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236175.pdf

Shelf Number: 126377

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Programs
Dating Violence
Evaluative Studies
Experimental Methods
Juvenile Victims

Author: Pilnik, Lisa

Title: Victimization and Trauma Experienced by Children and Youth: Implications for Legal Advocates

Summary: The Safe Start Center, ABA Center on Children and the Law, and the Child and Family Policy Associates recently released a new resource, Victimization and Trauma Experienced by Children and Youth: Implications for Legal Advocates. In this resource, you'll find: Information about the prevalence and impact of victimization and exposure to violence; Practice tips for juvenile defenders, children's attorneys and GALs, judges, and CASAs; Explanations of traumatic stress symptoms and trauma-related assessments and treatments; Descriptions of promising local and state initiatives to address trauma; and, Guidance on policy reforms and other considerations for trauma-informed advocacy.

Details: North Bethesda, MD: Safe Start Center, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, 2012.

Source: Moving From Evidence to Action: The Safe Start Center Series on Children Exposed to Violence, Issue Brief #7: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 126509

Keywords:
Child Welfare
Child Witnesses
Children and Violence
Exposure to Violence
Juvenile Victims
Victimization
Violence

Author: Dooley, Julian J.

Title: Review of Existing Australian and International Cyber-Safety Research

Summary: This report provides a detailed overview of Australian and international research literature on cyber-safety risks. In general, there are several risks associated with using technology and exposure to these risks, when not properly addressed, is associated with negative consequences. However, the literature (scientific and non-scientific) suggests that some of the most troublesome online risks are strongly associated with offline risks and that these two worlds do not exist independently. Thus, in order to address online risks, it is crucial that offline behaviours also be considered. Finally, the research indicates that as young people increase their use of information and communication technologies, such as the Internet, they increase their risk of being exposed to negative online experiences.

Details: Perth, Australia: Child Health Promotion Research Centre, Edith Cowan University, 2009. 276p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 13, 2012 at http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/119416/ECU_Review_of_existing_Australian_and_international_cyber-safety_research.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/119416/ECU_Review_of_existing_Australian_and_international_cyber-safety_research.pdf

Shelf Number: 126688

Keywords:
Computer Crime
Internet Child Sexual Abuse
Internet Crimes
Internet Safety
Juvenile Victims
Online Grooming
Online Sexual Abuse
Social Networking

Author: Thiara, Ravi K.

Title: Vital Statistics 2 Key Findings Report on Black, Minority Ethnic and Refugee Women's and Children's Experiences of Gender-Based Violence

Summary: The report provides key findings from Imkaan’s Toolkit; a monitoring framework piloted with ten violence against women and girls (VAWG) organisations over a 3 month period. The monitoring tool captured data on Black, Minority Ethnic and Refugee (BMER) women’s and children’s access to specialist BMER services and other voluntary and statutory services. The findings provide a picture of the role and impact of specialist BMER VAWG services, with the aim to contribute to more informed policy and practice on BMER women and girls in the context of VAWG. Note: The findings from the first Toolkit pilot, Vital Statistics: The experiences of Black, Asian, Minority Ethnic and Refugee women and children facing violence and abuse, were published in 2010.

Details: London: Imkaan, 2012. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2012 at http://dl.dropbox.com/u/85173313/Vital%20Statistics%20Two%202012%20%28Low%20res%29.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: International

URL: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/85173313/Vital%20Statistics%20Two%202012%20%28Low%20res%29.pdf

Shelf Number: 126928

Keywords:
Female Victims
Gender-Based Violence
Juvenile Victims
Minority Groups

Author: Feigelson, Michael

Title: Stopping it Before it Starts: Strategies to Address Violence in Young Children's Lives

Summary: This document advocates for systematic and reliable measures of the effect of violence on young children. It was produced by the Bernard van Leer Foundation as a contribution to the International Expert Consultation on the Prevention and Response to Violence in Early Childhood held in Lima, Peru, August 27-28 2012. It presents evidence that violence in young children's lives can be prevented through programmes such as home visitation, family strengthening, women's economic empowerment, alcohol regulation, and efforts to change social norms. It examines policy windows to achieve impact at scale on violence against children, asserting that leaders need to engage more effectively in areas of social policy such as social protection, employment, women's rights, and public security. The document suggests that more sophisticated communications strategies can drive sustained public political engagement and gain new champions for violence prevention.

Details: The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation, 2012. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 17, 2012 at http://srsg.violenceagainstchildren.org/sites/default/files/events/Expert%20Consultation%20Lima/International%20Consultation%20VAc-%20Discussion%20Paper.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: International

URL: http://srsg.violenceagainstchildren.org/sites/default/files/events/Expert%20Consultation%20Lima/International%20Consultation%20VAc-%20Discussion%20Paper.pdf

Shelf Number: 127234

Keywords:
Criminal Justice Policy
Juvenile Victims
Violence
Violence Prevention

Author: Inzano, Angela

Title: Promising Criminal Justice Practices in Human Trafficking Cases: A County-Level Comparative Overview (2005-2010) With Special Emphasis On Cases Involving Children

Summary: The crime of human trafficking is international in scope, and is prevalent in every country. The passing of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 signaled the U.S. government's recognition of human trafficking as a crime that occurs within its own borders. The TVPA has since been reauthorized in 2003, 2005, and 2008, updating criminal statutes, enhancing protections for victims, and addressing gaps on research and issues concerning domestic trafficking (i.e. trafficking of U.S. citizens). As of 2011, almost every state, with the exception of West Virginia, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Massachusetts, has some form of human trafficking statute within their criminal code. Between January 2008 and June 2010, federally-funded human trafficking task forces opened 2,515 suspected incidents of human trafficking for investigation. Most of these cases were classified as sex trafficking (82%), including more than 1,200 incidents with allegations of adult sex trafficking, and more than 1,000 incidents with allegations of prostitution or sexual exploitation of a child. Eleven percent of the suspected incidents opened for investigation were classified as labor trafficking, and 7% were unclassified with respect to trafficking type. These figures represent only a small percentage of the estimated scope of the problem in the United States. The last estimate published by the United States government reported that approximately 14,500-17,500 men, women, and children are trafficked into the U.S. annually.5 Other scholars estimate the number to be higher, estimating that that as many as 17,000 foreign national children are trafficked into the United States, not even beginning to take into account trafficking of adults. Neither of these figures includes the domestic trafficking of United States citizens. Some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working with vulnerable youth estimate that between 100,000 - 300,000 U.S. citizen children are exploited for the purpose of commercial sex acts each year. Though existing estimates suggest that the problem of human trafficking is significant, few research studies exist with respect to human trafficking in the U.S., and even fewer studies relate to trafficking in children. This is due to a number of factors, including the lack of consistent data collection and tracking mechanisms across NGOs and government agencies, misconceptions about what the human trafficking of children entails, differing legal definitions and applications between law enforcement and NGOs, ideologically-driven research, limited access to human trafficking survivors, and the hidden nature of the crime. The first anti-trafficking efforts in the United States were largely driven by federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigations, Immigration Customs Enforcement, and the Department of Labor. In 2003, the reauthorization of the TVPA encouraged states to pass their own anti-trafficking laws, recognizing that local law enforcement agencies and service providers are better able to identify potential human trafficking cases in their community. In order to encourage more local responses to potential cases, the U.S. Government also began to fund local anti-trafficking task forces in 2004. Cook County - which includes Chicago and the surrounding metropolitan area - has been identified as one of several human trafficking hubs in the country. In October 2005, the Chicago Police Department received a Bureau of Justice Affairs Grant to create a local anti-trafficking task force, comprised of local and federal law enforcement agencies and service providers. However, between 2005-2010, there were only 33 arrests under human trafficking statutes in Illinois and no human trafficking related prosecutions in Cook County, though human trafficking task forces in other large counties across the country were already mounting comprehensive responses to this crime. This "gap" was the genesis of this research project, the aim of which is to review and analyze other similarly sized counties with large, metropolitan centers across the country, in order to identify best practices, challenges and efforts that have led to successful case outcomes. This research project identifies and synthesizes cases from 2005-2010 that involved human trafficking and developed at county-level law enforcement agencies and task forces across the United States. Where possible, cases involving minors will be highlighted, in order to address distinct issues facing children who have been victimized by human trafficking. Best practices in victim identification, case investigation, perpetrator prosecution, and service provision were included. During the time period on which this project is focused, Cook County had not yet developed The Cook County Trafficking Task Force. Since 2010, Cook County has made significant strides in addressing the crime of human trafficking. Some of these initiatives will be addressed later in the report. We hope that providing a localized, county-level study will also assist other jurisdictions in their day-to-day anti-trafficking work.

Details: Chicago, IL: Center for the Human Rights of Children, Loyola University Chicago, 2012. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 9, 2014 at http://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/chrc/pdfs/Trafficking_County_Report.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/chrc/pdfs/Trafficking_County_Report.pdf

Shelf Number: 132420

Keywords:
Anti-Trafficking Task Force
Human Trafficking
Juvenile Victims

Author: Marshall, Ineke Haen

Title: Youth Victimization and Reporting to Police: First Results from the Third Round of the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD3)

Summary: The young are often considered our greatest resource; children are viewed as human capital that society depends on for continued growth and sustainability. Children also deserve special protection against violence (United Nations 1990; Council of Europe 2012). That is why we are willing to invest a lot in improving youth policies, building better educational systems, stronger families, and happier communities. Children are also the cause of great worries among parents, educators, police and other adults, particularly during the teenage years, which are times of turmoil and transition, when youth rebel against adults, get involved in risky behavior, and start experimenting with illegal behavior. Young people are also quite vulnerable to being exploited and victimized, not only by strangers, but also by their peers, their parents, or other trusted adults. This report provides some international evidence about their experiences. The third round of the International Self-Report Delinquency (ISRD3) project asks children from 7th, 8th and 9th grade (12-16 year olds) in over 30 countries about their experiences as victims of crime and as offenders; it also asks about their everyday lives and attitudes. In this report we present the first findings for the 15 countries for which preliminary comparative data are available. Thus, this first findings report is based on the participation of more than 38,000 young people in cities or regions of Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Kosovo, Lithuania, Serbia, Switzerland, Ukraine and Venezuela. Each country organized its own fieldwork and translation, following a joint research protocol. The surveys were completed in schools, either online or through paper and pencil questionnaires. For more information on the methodology, see Table 1 below. The survey should not be considered representative of the whole population of young people in these countries but instead of 7th to 9th grade students in those cities or regions in which the data were collected. The selection of countries included in this primary report reflect the practical sequence of data collection rather than any substantial consideration regarding which countries are of interest to compare. In incorporating questions about offending, the survey combines the methods of self-report delinquency surveys and of victimization surveys. The primary goal of the ISRD project is the analysis of risk factors of juvenile delinquency in a manner that enables us to factor in national differences and contextual sources of influence. Secondarily, the project produces information that gives local stakeholders information about the specific patterns of youth crime in their areas. In addition to these goals, the project enables the comparison of delinquency patterns in various areas and cities. In this primary report, we focus on the third set of findings, planning to undertake more detailed risk factor analyses when more countries are in the dataset.

Details: Boston: Northeastern University, 2015. 24p.

Source: Internet Resource: ISRD3 Technical Report Series #3: Accessed January 25, 2017 at: http://www.northeastern.edu/isrd/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ISRD3_TechRep_03.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: International

URL: http://www.northeastern.edu/isrd/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ISRD3_TechRep_03.pdf

Shelf Number: 147804

Keywords:
Criminal Justice Statistics
Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile Victims
Self-Report Studies
Victimization Studies
Victims of Crime

Author: Aho, Nikolas

Title: Victimization, Prevalence, Health and Peritraumatic Reactions in Swedish Adolescents

Summary: The aim of this thesis was to expand the knowledge of victimization in children and youth in Sweden. Victimization, prevalence, health and peritraumatic reactions were explored in a cross sectional, representative sample of 5,960 second grade high school students in Sweden. A computerized survey was developed and administered in class room setting. Lifetime victimization was found in 84.1% of the sample (m=83.0%, f=85.2%), and, in relation to the five domains, 66.4% had experienced conventional crime, 24% child maltreatment, 54.4% peer and sibling victimization, 21.8% sexual victimization, and 54% had experienced witness victimization. Females experienced significantly more child maltreatment, peer and sibling victimization, sexual victimization, and witnessed victimization, males more conventional crime (p<0.001). Using logistic regression risk factors for victimization were confirmed by a significant increase OR regarding gender, environment and lack of both parents. Symptoms (TSCC), were clearly associated with both victimizations per se and the number of victimizations. The results indicated a relatively linear increase in symptoms with an increase in number of events experienced. Mental health of the polyvictimized group was significantly worse than that of the non-polyvictimized group, with significantly elevated TSCC scores (t<0.001). Hierarchical regression analysis resulted in beta value reduction when polyvictimization was introduced supporting the independent effect on symptoms. Social anxiety was found in 10.2 % (n = 605) of the total group (n = 5,960). A significant gender difference emerged, with more females than males reporting social anxiety. Elevated PTSS was found in 14.8 % (n=883). Binary logistic regression revealed the highest OR for having had contact with child and adolescent psychiatry was found for the combined group with social anxiety and elevated PTSS (OR = 4.88, 95 % CI = 3.53 - 6.73, p<001). Significant associations were also found between use of child and adolescent psychiatry and female gender (OR = 2.05, 95 % CI = 1.70 - 2.45), Swedish birth origin (OR = 1.68, 95 % CI = 1.16-2.42) and living in a small municipality (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI = 1.02-1.73). Mediation models used peritraumatic reactions (PT): total, physiological arousal (PA), peritraumatic dissociation (PD), and intervention thoughts (IT) and JVQ and TSCC. Of the n=5,332 cases, a total of n=4,483 (84.1%) reported at least one victimizing event (m = 83.0%, f = 85.2%). Of these, 74.9% (n=3,360) also experienced a PT reaction of some kind. The effect mediated by PT tot was b= 0.479, BCa CI [0.342 - 0.640], representing a relatively small effect of 7.6%, 2=0.076, 95% BCa CI [0.054-0.101]. The mediating effect of JVQ on TSCC was mediated by PD more for males (b=0.394 BCa CI [0.170-0.636]) than for females (b=0.247, BCa CI [0.021-0.469]). The indirect effect of the JVQ on the TSCC total mediated by the different PT reactions was significant for PD (b=0.355, BCa CI [0.199-0.523]. In males a mediating effect of PD could be seen in the different models, while females had a more mixed result. IT did not show any indirect effect in males, but had a mixed effect for females. The empirical findings in this thesis lead to the conclusion that victimization is highly prevalent in children and youth and is related to health issues. The association of victimization on symptoms was mediated by peritraumatic reactions. Using a comprehensive instrument such as the JVQ provides the researcher or clinician the opportunity to acquire more complete measurement and also makes it possible to identify polyvictimization, a high-level category of events with severe impact on health.

Details: Linköping, Sweden: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Linköping University, 2016. 145p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed January 30, 2017 at: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1047437/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Sweden

URL: https://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1047437/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Shelf Number: 146036

Keywords:
Childhood Trauma
Juvenile Victims
Polyvictimization
Repeat Victimization
Victimization
Victims of Crime

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